Funnel Beaker Culture First Farmers of Scandinavia

The Funnel Beaker Culture is the name of the first farming society in northern Europe and Scandinavia. There are several names for this culture and related cultures: Funnel Beaker Culture is abbreviated FBC, but it is also known by its German name Tricherrandbecher or Trichterbecher (abbreviated TRB) and in some academic texts it is simply recorded as Early Neolithic 1. Dates for the TRB/FBC vary depending on the exact region, but the period generally lasted between 4100-2800 calendar years BC (cal BC), and the culture was based in western, central and northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and most parts of Poland. The FBC history is one of a slow transition from a Mesolithic subsistence system based strictly on hunting and gathering to one of full-fledged farming of domesticated wheat, barley, legumes, and herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. Distinguishing Traits The main distinguishing trait for FBC is a pottery form called funnel beaker, a handle-less drinking vessel shaped like a funnel. These were hand-built from local clay and decorated with modeling, stamping, incising, and impressing. Elaborate flint and ground stone axes and jewelry made of amber are also in Funnel Beaker assemblages. TRB/FBC also brought the first use of the wheel and plow in the region, the production of wool from sheep and goats, and the increased use of animals for specialized tasks. The FBC was also involved in extensive trade outside of the region, for large flint tools from flint mines, and for the latter adoption of other domestic plants (such as poppy) and animals (cattle). Gradual Adoption The exact date of the entry of domesticated plants and animals from the near east (via the Balkans) into northern Europe and Scandinavia varies with the region. The first sheep and goats were introduced into northwestern Germany 4,100-4200 cal BC, along with TRB pottery. By 3950 cal BC those traits were introduced into Zealand. Before the advent of the TRB, the region was occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and, by all appearances, the change from Mesolithic lifeways to Neolithic farming practices was a slow one, with full-time agriculture taking between several decades to nearly 1,000 years to be fully adopted. The Funnel Beaker culture represents a massive economic shift from almost total dependence on wild resources to a diet based on tended cereals and domestic animals, and it was accompanied by a newly sedentary mode of life in complex settlements, the erection of elaborate monuments, and the use of pottery and polished stone tools. As with the Linearbandkeramic in central Europe, there is some  debate about whether the change was caused by migrants into the region or adoption of new techniques by the local Mesolithic people: it was likely a little of both. Farming and sedentism led to population increases and as the FBC societies became more complex they also became socially stratified. Changing Landuse Practices One important piece of the TRB/FBC in northern Europe involved a drastic change in land use. The darkly forested woodlands of the region were environmentally impacted by the new farmers expanding their cereal fields and pastured areas and by timber exploitation for building construction. The most important impact of these was the construction of pasturages. The use of the deep forest for cattle foraging is not unknown  and is practiced even today in some places in Britain, but the TRB people in northern Europe and Scandinavia deforested some areas for this purpose. Cattle came to play a prominent role in the switch to permanent farming in the temperate zones: they served as a food storage mechanism, surviving on fodder to produce milk and meat for their humans over the winter. Plant Use Cereals used by TRB/FBC were mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lesser amounts of free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum/turgidum), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum), and spelt (Triticum spelta). Flax (Linum usitatissimum), peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses, and poppy (Papaver somniferum) as an oil plant. Their diets continued to include gathered foods such as hazelnut (Corylus), crab apple (Malus, sloe plums (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. frruticosus). Depending on the region, some FBC harvested fat hen (Chenopodium album), acorn (Quercus), water chestnut (Trapa natans), and hawthorn (Crataegus). Funnel Beaker Life   The new northern farmers lived in villages made up of small short-term houses made of poles. But there were public structures in the villages, in the form of ditched enclosures. These enclosures were circular to oval systems made up of ditches and banks, and they varied in size and shape  but included few buildings within the ditches. A gradual change in burial customs is in evidence at TRB sites. The earliest forms associated with TRB are substantial burial monuments which were communal burials: they began as individual graves but were reopened again and again for later burials. Eventually, the wooden supports of the original chambers were replaced with stone, creating impressive passage graves with central chambers and roofs made of glacial boulders, some covered with earth or small stones. Thousands of megalithic tombs were created in this fashion. Flintbek The introduction of the wheel into northern Europe and Scandinavia occurred during the FBC. That evidence was found at the archaeological site of Flintbek, located in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the Baltic coast near the town of Kiel. The site is a cemetery containing at least 88 Neolithic and Bronze Age burials. The overall Flintbek site is that of a long, loosely connected chain of grave mounds, or barrows, approximately 4 km (3 mi) long and .5 km (.3 mi) wide, roughly following a narrow ridge formed by a glacial ground moraine. The most prominent feature of the site is Flintbek LA 3, a 53x19 m (174-62 ft) mound, surrounded by a curb of boulders. A set of cart tracks were found beneath the most-recent half of the barrow, consisting of a pair of ruts from a wagon fitted with wheels. The tracks (direct-dated to 3650-3335 cal BC) lead from the edge to the center of the mound, ending at the central location of Dolmen IV, the last burial construction at the site. Scholars believe these were laid down by wheels rather than tracks from a drag cart, due to the wavy impressions in the longitudinal sections. A Few Funnel Beaker Sites Poland: Dabki 9Sweden: AlmhovDenmark: Havnelev, Lisbjerg-Skole, SarupGermany: Flintbek, Oldenburg-Danau, Rastorf, Wangels, Wolkenwehe, Triwalk, Albersdorf-Dieksknà ¶ll, Huntedorf, Hude, Flà ¶geln-Eekhà ¶ltjenSwitzerland: Niederwil Sources Bakker JA, Kruk J, Lanting AE, and Milisauskas S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73(282):778-790.Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251.Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109.Hinz M, Feeser I, Sjà ¶gren K-G, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: an evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800  cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3331-3340.Jansen D, and Nelle O. 2014. The Neolithic woodland – archaeoanthracology of six Funnel Beaker sites in the lowlands of Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 51:154-163.Kirleis W, and Fischer E. 2014. Neolithic cultiv ation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):81-96.Kirleis W, Klooß S, Kroll H, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Crop growing and gathering in the northern German Neolithic: a review supplemented by new results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(3):221-242.Mischka D. 2011. The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology. Antiquity 85(329):742-758.Skoglund P, Malmstrà ¶m H, Raghavan M, Storà ¥ J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Gà ¶therstrà ¶m A, and Jakobsson M. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466-469.

Was Albert DeSalvo the Boston Strangler

The Boston Strangler operated in the Boston area during a two-year span in the early 1960s. The Silk Stocking Murders is another epithet given to the same series of crimes. Though Albert DeSalvo confessed to the murders, many experts and investigators have doubts about his involvement in the crimes. The Crimes Beginning in June 1962 and ending in January 1964, 13 women were killed in the Boston area, mainly by strangulation. Most of the victims were found with their own nylons wrapped several times around their neck and tied with a bow. The murders occurred generally twice a month, with a brief respite from the end of August to the first week of December  1962. The victims ranged in age from 19 to 85 years of age. All were sexually assaulted. The Victims Most of the victims were single women living in apartments. No sign of breaking and entering was evident and investigators deduced that the victims knew their attacker or his ruse was sufficiently clever to allow him to gain admittance to the home. DeSalvos Arrest In October of 1964, a young woman reported that a man claiming to be a detective tied her to her bed and began to rape her. He suddenly stopped, apologized, and left. Her description helped police to identify DeSalvo as the assailant. Several women came forward to accuse him of accosting them when his picture was released to the newspapers. His Childhood Years Albert Henry DeSalvo was born in Chelsa, Massachusettes on September 3, 1931. DeSalvos father beat and abused his wife and children. By the time he was 12, DeSalvo had already been arrested for robbery and assault and battery. He was sent to a correctional facility for a year and worked as a delivery boy upon his release. In less than two years, he was readmitted to the facility for car theft. Army Years After his second parole, DeSalvo joined the army and did a tour in Germany. This is where he met his wife. He was honorably discharged for disobeying an order. He reenlisted and was accused of molesting a nine-year-old girl while stationed at Fort Dix. The parents declined to press charges and he was again honorably discharged. The Measuring Man After his discharge in 1956, DeSalvo was arrested twice for robbery. In March of 1960, he was arrested for burglary and confessed to the Measuring Man crimes. In this series of crimes, DeSalvo would approach good-looking women posing as a fashion model recruiter. He then fondled the victims under the pretense of taking their measurements with a tape measure. Again, no charges were filed and he spent 11 months on the burglary charge. The Green Man After being released, DeSalvo allegedly began his Green Man crime spree, so named because he dressed in green to commit sexual assaults. He is reputed to have raped over 300 women (as many as six a day) in four states over a two-year period. He was arrested in November of 1964 for one of these rapes and remanded to Bridgewater State Hospital for evaluation. Was Albert DeSalvo the Boston Strangler? Another inmate, George Nassar, turned DeSalvo into the authorities as the Boston Strangler in order to collect the reward that was offered for information concerning the stocking murders. It was discovered later that Nassar and DeSalvo made a deal that part of the reward money would be sent to DeSalvos wife. After being identified by Nassar, DeSalvo confessed to the Boston Strangler murders. Problems occurred when the only survivor of the Boston Strangler failed to identify DeSalvo as the attacker and insisted that George Nassar was her attacker instead. DeSalvo was never charged with any of the Boston Strangler murders. Famous lawyer F. Lee Bailey represented DeSalvo on the Green Man crimes, for which he was found guilty and received a life sentence. DeSalvo was stabbed to death by another inmate in Walpole Prison in 1973.

Patient Centered Pain Control Of Elderly People With Dementia

Patient Centered Pain Control in Elderly People with Dementia There is a growing geriatric population of people with dementia (the subpopulation) throughout the world that are living in pain constantly. Because dementia as a condition with multifaceted symptomology manifested by advancing overall decline of cognitive ability, it causes severe and distinctive barriers to pain assessment and pain management in this subpopulation. The existence of multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy and the declining cognition in this subpopulation results in a much more complex pain symptomology. Zwakhalen, Hamers, Abu-Saad, and (replaced with and) Berger, (2006), explain that common behaviors associated with pain may be absent or difficult to interpret in this subpopulation because some dementia symptoms may be an indication of pain, but such behavior, however, might also be incorrectly interpreted as a symptom of dementia. Therefore, pain in this subpopulation is exceptionally challenging to evaluate and manage as a result of this difficulty. Although there have been many improvements in health care, pain in this subpopulation is often undertreated and at times it is not addressed at all. Behavioral expressions of untreated pain in this subpopulation are common and the inappropriate prescription of psychotropic medication to mask the behavioral manifestations of pain instead of addressing the pain causing the behavioral symptoms is the norm (Achterberg et. al., 2013, p. 1479).Show MoreRelatedPatient Centered Pain Control Of Elderly People With Dementia2244 Words   |  9 PagesPatient Centered Pain Control in Elderly People with Dementia There is a growing geriatric population of people with dementia throughout the world that are living in pain constantly. 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Because dementia as a condition with multifaceted symptomology manifested by advancing overall decline of cognitive ability, it causes severe and distinctive barriers to pain assessment and pain management in this population. The existencee of multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy and the declinining cognition in this population result in a much more complex pain symptomology. Zwakhalen, Hamers, Abu-Saad, Berger, (2006), explain that common behaviors associated with pain may be absent or difficult to interpret in this population because some dementia symptoms may be an indication of pain, but such behavior, however, might also be incorrectly interpreted as a symptom of dementia. Therefore, pain in this population is exceptionally challenging to evaluate and manage as a result of this difficulty. Although there have been many improvements in health care, pain in the elderly people with dementia is often undertreated and at times it is not addressed at all. 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Economic Development of A Region Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Development of A Region. Answer: Introduction The economic development of a country is one of the primary goals and objectives of the governing authorities of the country and is also the primary requirement for the overall increased welfare of the residents of the country as a whole. In terms of economics, economic development can be defined as the strategic policy approaches by the governing authorities of a region, which helps in improving the overall quality of life in terms of income, health, education, employment and other welfare indicators (Leigh and Blakely 2016). Economic development of a region, however, cannot be achieved by the policy framing and implementations of the central governing authorities only and the local governments of the regions are also equally responsible for taking the region on the path of sustainable development. This is mainly because there remain several problems and characteristics in the regions, which are subjective to the region itself and can be more efficiently handled by the local government, which remains better aware of the same than the central authorities do. In this context, the assignment takes into account the city of Parramatta, in the New South Wales, which have been developing consistently in economic and commercial terms and is currently becoming a busy and populous corporate area in Australia. The region being highly economically active, it is one of the primary duties of the city council of Parramatta to emphasize on the economic development of the region to make it commercially as well as residentially sustainable in future (Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au, 2017). Role of Local Council of Parramatta in economic development As discussed in the above section, it is of immense importance of the local governing authority of any region to focus on the economic development of the concerned region as much of the welfare of the residents and the economic and overall prospects of the region as a whole depends on how efficiently the region develops. The city of Parramatta is no exception. The local council of the city plays significant roles in the planning and execution of the development strategies in the economy. There are several areas in the economy of the region, which specifically have scopes of development and on the basis of which the roles of the local governing authorities of the city of Parramatta can be discussed. These areas and the respective roles are discussed in the following section: Small Business and Employment The city of Parramatta, in the recent period, has been developing as one of the commercial attraction in the country, especially in the New South Wales and is currently having a thriving commercial sector which if utilized properly can facilitate more integrated and sustainable growth of the small businesses in the region. One of the primary privileges of the region in this aspect is the business friendly and accommodating environment of the region (McGuirk, Dowling and Bulkeley 2014). However, there are still scopes of improvements in this aspect and the local council in this aspect, which includes the following, can play certain roles: Lowering of the existing barriers and fund allocation problems which pose as hurdles, especially for the new small businesses and the start-ups Emphasizing on the improvements of the innovation environment and on making provision for easy infiltration of new age technologies which in turn can have positive implications on the business environment of the region Promotion of small businesses and attraction of investments in this aspect with the help of small business expo events Tourism and Cultural Economy The City of Parramatta is a conglomeration of diversity and is a representation of different cultures staying in harmony. The city being one of the recent commercial attractions along with the cultural diversities, if promoted correctly, can become one of the primary tourist attraction in the country, attracting both domestic as well as international visitors from across the world. This in its turn can contribute significantly in the economic development of the region as tourism, in general, contributes significantly in the GDP of the countries, if developed and promoted appropriately (Baker and Ruming 2015). The local council, in this aspect, has been already working effectively. However, there can still be several improvements and inclusion, which can be done on their part: Promotion of establishment of new cafes and restaurants as gastronomic tourism, as a new form of pleasure travel, has been gaining significant popularity in the contemporary periods Ensuring safety of the residents and the travelers in the city, especially emphasizing on the night time safety of the residents and visitors. This can be done by the local government by focusing on improvement of night lighting system of the city and improving the security framework of the city Increasing scopes of expansion of the commercial area for entertainment including musical entertainment, theatres and fun activities across the country Education and Training In the development of any economy, it is of considerable importance for the local government to focus on the development of the skill set of the people living in this region, especially the youth of the population. For the purpose of the same, the education and the training provisions of the same has to be developed by the local government of the region as it has direct implications in improving the productivity of the workers, which in its turn results in higher economic productivity and a better standard of living in the region (Gilbert et al. 2013). The local government of the country has emphasized on the development of proper educational infrastructures and the city already has huge scopes of employment for its residents. The roles, which the local council can take in this aspect, are as follows: Implementations of up-skilling programs, especially in the universities Job targeted training for the students, starting from the school levels only Re-oriented courses which go by the needs of the city, which includes shorter courses, administration related courses and others Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the City of Parramatta has been developing as one of the newest attraction in Australia and the region has developed itself from a under-developed suburb to a region of huge commercial interests. Much of the success can be attributed to the efficient working of the local government. However, there are still several scopes for further economic development and the local government needs to play several crucial roles in this aspect. References Baker, T. and Ruming, K., 2015. Making Global Sydney: spatial imaginaries, worlding and strategic plans.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,39(1), pp.62-78. Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au (2017).ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017 -2021. [online] Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/sites/council/files/2017-05/Draft%20Economic%20Development%20Plan%202017%20-%202021.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2017]. Gilbert, R., Stevenson, D., Girardet, H. and Stren, R., 2013.Making cities work: Role of local authorities in the urban environment. Routledge. Leigh, N.G. and Blakely, E.J., 2016.Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. McGuirk, P., Dowling, R. and Bulkeley, H., 2014. Repositioning urban governments? Energy efficiency and Australias changing climate and energy governance regimes.Urban Studies,51(13), pp.2717-2734.